Averroes and Averroisms in Portuguese. Medieval and Early Modern Scholastic Authors, 2014
By: José Meirinhos
Title Averroes and Averroisms in Portuguese. Medieval and Early Modern Scholastic Authors
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2014
Published in Mapping knowledge: cross-pollination in late Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Pages 231–251
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Influence
Author(s) José Meirinhos
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes and Arabic Philosophy in the Modern Historia Philosophica: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 2013
By: Gregorio Piaia
Title Averroes and Arabic Philosophy in the Modern Historia Philosophica: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2013
Published in Renaissance Averroism and Its Aftermath: Arabic Philosophy in Early Modern Europe
Pages 237–254
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Gregorio Piaia
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Averroes’s role as Aristotle’s commentator par excellence guaranteed him widespread and certain fame up to the first decades of the seventeenth century; but the crisis of Peripateticism and the establishment of the new philosophy and new science also find an echo in the image of Averreoes and, more generally, in that of Arabic philosophy and science. Here we find Averroes taking on the role of a symbol of perverse intellectual activity (Malebranche), an unscrupulous thinker as regards religion, or even, at times, of an unbeliever (Bayle, Hume). The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the place given to Averroes and to Islamic thought in the historiography of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when historia philosophica established itself as a literary genre in its own right. The inquiry starts with Georg Horn’s Historia philosophica (1655), in which ‘Arabic philosophy’ is said to begin with the Biblical figure of Job and where the presentation of Averroes is particularly brief compared with the lengthy biographical treatment meted out to Avicenna. In effect, it is only with Johann Heinrich Hottinger’s publication (1664) of the De scriptoribus Arabicis by Johannes Leo Africanus (Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad al-Wazzān) that European intellectuals became aware of some of the details of Averroes’s life. Our inquiry moves on to look at such writers as Johannes Gerhard Vossius, Daniel Georg Morhof, René Rapin, Pierre de Villemandy, Laurent Bordelon, Dupont-Bertris, and Georg Volckmar Hartmann, and ends with a critical examination of André-François Boureau-Deslandes Histoire critique de la philosophie (1737). Boureau-Deslandes does not limit himself to quoting information and anecdotes, but in line with his ‘critical’ approach, also expresses some judgements on the historical, religious, and cultural context of science in Islam. The attitude of these writers towards ‘Arabic’ thought is ambivalent: their recognition of the cultural and philosophical splendour of the caliphate of Baghdad is in practice frequently accompanied by a criticism of the Arabic philosophers’ excessive subtlety. In the case of Averroes their negative judgement also springs from the fact that he had no knowledge of Greek, which prevented him from reaching an adequate understanding of Aristotelian doctrine. We must note however – in the work of Dupont Bertris (1726), for example – attempts to bring Averroes to the fore as a rationalist philosopher, indifferent to all positive religion, all the while defending him from accusation of impiety. These are the first signs of a historiographical trend which– thanks above all to Renan’s famous thèse – was later to lead to a philosophical reappraisal of Averroes, no longer viewed merely as the ‘commentator’ of Aristotle.

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Here we find Averroes taking on the role of a symbol of perverse intellectual activity (Malebranche), an unscrupulous thinker as regards religion, or even, at times, of an unbeliever (Bayle, Hume). The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the place given to Averroes and to Islamic thought in the historiography of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when historia philosophica established itself as a literary genre in its own right. The inquiry starts with Georg Horn\u2019s Historia philosophica (1655), in which \u2018Arabic philosophy\u2019 is said to begin with the Biblical figure of Job and where the presentation of Averroes is particularly brief compared with the lengthy biographical treatment meted out to Avicenna. In effect, it is only with Johann Heinrich Hottinger\u2019s publication (1664) of the De scriptoribus Arabicis by Johannes Leo Africanus (\u1e24asan ibn Mu\u1e25ammad al-Wazz\u0101n) that European intellectuals became aware of some of the details of Averroes\u2019s life. Our inquiry moves on to look at such writers as Johannes Gerhard Vossius, Daniel Georg Morhof, Ren\u00e9 Rapin, Pierre de Villemandy, Laurent Bordelon, Dupont-Bertris, and Georg Volckmar Hartmann, and ends with a critical examination of Andr\u00e9-Fran\u00e7ois Boureau-Deslandes Histoire critique de la philosophie (1737). Boureau-Deslandes does not limit himself to quoting information and anecdotes, but in line with his \u2018critical\u2019 approach, also expresses some judgements on the historical, religious, and cultural context of science in Islam. The attitude of these writers towards \u2018Arabic\u2019 thought is ambivalent: their recognition of the cultural and philosophical splendour of the caliphate of Baghdad is in practice frequently accompanied by a criticism of the Arabic philosophers\u2019 excessive subtlety. In the case of Averroes their negative judgement also springs from the fact that he had no knowledge of Greek, which prevented him from reaching an adequate understanding of Aristotelian doctrine. We must note however \u2013 in the work of Dupont Bertris (1726), for example \u2013 attempts to bring Averroes to the fore as a rationalist philosopher, indifferent to all positive religion, all the while defending him from accusation of impiety. These are the first signs of a historiographical trend which\u2013 thanks above all to Renan\u2019s famous th\u00e8se \u2013 was later to lead to a philosophical reappraisal of Averroes, no longer viewed merely as the \u2018commentator\u2019 of Aristotle.","btype":2,"date":"2013","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5240-5_12","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":1,"category_name":"Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Averroism"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"}],"authors":[{"id":684,"full_name":"Gregorio Piaia","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1751,"section_of":241,"pages":"237\u2013254","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":241,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"Renaissance Averroism and Its Aftermath: Arabic Philosophy in Early Modern Europe","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2013","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2013","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":241,"pubplace":"London","publisher":"Springer","series":"International Archives of the History of Ideas","volume":"211","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":[2013]}

The Cambridge Platonists and Averroes, 2013
By: Sarah Hutton
Title The Cambridge Platonists and Averroes
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2013
Published in Renaissance Averroism and Its Aftermath: Arabic Philosophy in Early Modern Europe
Pages 197–212
Categories Plato, Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Sarah Hutton
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The ‘Averroism’ which figures in my chapter is a radically attenuated version of the philosophy of Ibn Rushd – Averroism as represented by a single doctrine imputed to the Commentator, namely the idea of a single soul, common to all human beings. The subject of my chapter has less, therefore to do with the thought of Averroes in its later reception or manifestation, and more to do with an idea of Averroism which was current in seventeenth-century England. This is particularly true of the Cambridge Platonists for whom the Averroist doctrine of the intellectus agens is the key doctrine which they associate with Averroes and which they understood as a doctrine of a ‘single soul’ or ‘common soul’. The only one of their number to offer anything like an extensive critique of Averroes was Henry More (1614–1687). Although he too was primarily concerned with the Averroistic conception of the intellectus agens, his response is distinctive for his concern with the Italian Averroists of recent times, Girolamo Cardano, Pietro Pomponazzi and Giulio Cesare Vanini. Even though the Cambridge Platonists’ views on the intellectus agens tell us more about themselves than about Averroes, their limited focus is nevertheless revealing of currents of diffusion of Averroistic ideas, and of the presence of Averroes even in the new waters of early modern philosophy. As I shall argue later, there is an important sense in which More’s partial and distorted conception of the philosophy of Ibn Rushd contributed to a new conception of the self centred on consciousness. My chapter will offer a brief survey of identifiable references to Averroes in the work the Cambridge Platonists, starting with three Emmanuel College men, John Smith (1618–1652), Nathaniel Culverwell (1619–1651) and Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688). I shall then discuss Henry More, to whom the major part of this chapter will be devoted. But before discussing the Cambridge school, a few words on the background.

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Humanism and the Assessment of Averroes in the Renaissance, 2013
By: Craig Martin
Title Humanism and the Assessment of Averroes in the Renaissance
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2013
Published in Renaissance Averroism and Its Aftermath: Arabic Philosophy in Early Modern Europe
Pages 65–80
Categories Averroism, Aristotle, Commentary, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Craig Martin
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Despite Renaissance humanists’ polemics against Averroes, interest in his writings grew during the sixteenth century. This interest was related to humanism. As Aristotelians became increasingly aware of the Greek commentators on Aristotle, many saw Averroes as an heir to the ancient tradition. Thus they believed that by reading his works they could gain access to a purer form of Aristotelianism. As a result, a number of scholars wrote commentaries on Averroes’s natural philosophical works, and the Commentator became a subject for both philosophical and philological commentary.

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L’averroismo in età moderna (1400-1700), 2013
By: Giovanni Licata (Ed.)
Title L’averroismo in età moderna (1400-1700)
Type Edited Book
Language Italian
Date 2013
Publication Place Macerata
Publisher Quodlibet
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Agostino Nifo, Spinoza
Author(s) Giovanni Licata
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes re-interpreted. Paul of Venice on the essence and definition of sensible substances, 2012
By: Gabriele Galluzzo

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Reason and Revelation for an Averroist Pursuit of Convivencia and Intercultural Dialogue, 2011
By: Driss Habti
Title Reason and Revelation for an Averroist Pursuit of Convivencia and Intercultural Dialogue
Type Article
Language English
Date 2011
Journal Policy Futures in Education
Volume 9
Issue 1
Pages 81-87
Categories Tradition and Reception, Averroism
Author(s) Driss Habti
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Throughout medieval thought, a major issue raised was that of the relationship between religion and philosophy. Alternative frameworks see the problem as a conflict between faith and reason, tradition and speculation, mysticism and rationalism. The medieval Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd, or Averroes, (1126–98), who lived in medieval Spain, attempts in his philosophy to reconcile philosophy with religion. This article probes into an ‘Averroist dialogue’ through his rationalist philosophy. Meanwhile, al-Ghazali (1058–1111), from Persia, tends towards an Islamic philosophy based on cause and effect and determined by God. Ibn Rushd's retaliation to al-Ghazali was his defence of the primacy of philosophy and reason, and a call for diversity of knowledge. Ibn Rushd explicates the relation between religion and philosophy as two different ways of reaching the same truth, and clarifies the connection between Islamic law and Greek science, striving for a rapprochement between the Islamic ‘I’ and the European ‘Other’ through his epistemological principles of dialogue in a time of convivencia (coexistence) in medieval Andalusia.

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Arabic philosophy and Averroism, 2007
By: Dag Nikolaus Hasse
Title Arabic philosophy and Averroism
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2007
Published in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy
Pages 113-136
Categories Averroism, Intellect, Metaphysics, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Dag Nikolaus Hasse
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The names of the famous Arabic philosophers Averroes and Avicenna, alongside those of Alkindi, Alfarabi, and Algazel, appear in countless philosophical writings of the Renaissance. These authors are well-known figures of the classical period of Arabic philosophy, which stretches from the ninth to the twelfth century AD. The history of Arabic philosophy began in the middle of the ninth century, when a substantial part of ancient Greek philosophy had become available in Arabic translations: almost the complete Aristotle, numerous Greek commentaries on Aristotle, and many Platonic and Neoplatonic sources. A major centre of intellectual activity was Baghdad, the new capital of the Abbasid caliphs. It was here that Alkindi (al-Kindī, d. after AD 870), the first important philosopher of Arabic culture, and the Aristotelian philosopher Alfarabi (al-Fārābī, d. 950/1) spent the greater part of their life. A major turning point in the history of Arabic philosophy was the activity of Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037), the court philosopher of various local rulers in Persia, who recast Aristotelian philosophy in a way that made it highly influential among Islamic theologians. The famous Baghdad theologian Algazel (al-Ghazālī, d. 1111) accepted much of Avicenna’s philosophy, but criticized it on central issues such as the eternity of the world. Averroes (Ibn Rushd, d. 1198), the Andalusian commentator on Aristotle, reacted to both Avicenna and Algazel: he censured Avicenna for deviating from Aristotle and criticized Algazel for misunderstanding the philosophical tradition.

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A major turning point in the history of Arabic philosophy was the activity of Avicenna (Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, d. 1037), the court philosopher of various local rulers in Persia, who recast Aristotelian philosophy in a way that made it highly influential among Islamic theologians. The famous Baghdad theologian Algazel (al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, d. 1111) accepted much of Avicenna\u2019s philosophy, but criticized it on central issues such as the eternity of the world. Averroes (Ibn Rushd, d. 1198), the Andalusian commentator on Aristotle, reacted to both Avicenna and Algazel: he censured Avicenna for deviating from Aristotle and criticized Algazel for misunderstanding the philosophical tradition.","btype":2,"date":"2007","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CCOL052184648X.007","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":1,"category_name":"Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Averroism"},{"id":75,"category_name":"Intellect","link":"bib?categories[]=Intellect"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"}],"authors":[{"id":1722,"full_name":"Dag Nikolaus Hasse","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5344,"section_of":5343,"pages":"113-136","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5343,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2007","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy, published in 2007, provides an introduction to a complex period of change in the subject matter and practice of philosophy. 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The Curious Segullat Melakhim by Abraham Avigdor, 2006
By: Steven Harvey, Charles H. Manekin
Title The Curious Segullat Melakhim by Abraham Avigdor
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2006
Published in Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat
Pages 215–252
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Charles H. Manekin
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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On Gersonides' Knowledge of Languages, 2002
By: Ruth Glasner
Title On Gersonides' Knowledge of Languages
Type Article
Language English
Date 2002
Journal Aleph
Volume 2
Pages 235-257
Categories Gersonides, Commentary, Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Ruth Glasner
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroè e Giordano Bruno sulla religione: metamorfosi della credenza
By: Massimo Campanini
Title Averroè e Giordano Bruno sulla religione: metamorfosi della credenza
Type Article
Language English
Journal Bruniana & Campanelliana
Volume 22
Issue 2
Pages 395-409
Categories Tradition and Reception, Averroism, Averroism
Author(s) Massimo Campanini
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Although personally he had been a practicing Muslim, in the Western philosophical tradition Averroes has always had a reputation for being an unbeliever. Some aspects of Averroes’ thought, including the doctrine of the so-called ‘double truth’ and his noetic, could justify such a misinterpretation. Also Giordano Bruno can be labeled as an ‘averroistic’ unbeliever, but only because he viewed the historical religions as nomoi, ‘fake’ laws with the purpose of ruling the masses. The metamorphosis of Averroes from belief to disbelief, even through Bruno, has prepared the ground for the libertine tradition of the seventeenth and later centuries.

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Elia del Medigo: An archetype of the halachic man?, 2001
By: Harvey J. Hames
Title Elia del Medigo: An archetype of the halachic man?
Type Article
Language English
Date 2001
Journal Traditio
Volume 56
Pages 213-227
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Harvey J. Hames
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Galileo and Pisan Aristotelianism: Galileo's "De Motu Antiquiora" and the Quaestiones de Motu Elementorum of the Pisan Professors, 2000
By: Michele Camerota, Mario Helbing
Title Galileo and Pisan Aristotelianism: Galileo's "De Motu Antiquiora" and the Quaestiones de Motu Elementorum of the Pisan Professors
Type Article
Language English
Date 2000
Journal Early Science and Medicine
Volume 5
Issue 4
Pages 319-365
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Natural Philosophy
Author(s) Michele Camerota , Mario Helbing
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Hacia un nuevo Averroes: Naturalismo y crítica en el pensador andalusí que revolucionó Europa, 2017
By: Andrés Martínez Lorca
Title Hacia un nuevo Averroes: Naturalismo y crítica en el pensador andalusí que revolucionó Europa
Type Monograph
Language Spanish
Date 2017
Publication Place Madrid
Publisher UNED
Categories al-Ġazālī, Commentary, Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Andrés Martínez Lorca
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
El libro está integrado por una serie de trabajos sobre Averroes que abordan un tema de ética (la amistad y la felicidad), otro de psicología (sobre el deseo), la reconstrucción de su famosa polémica con el teólogo iraní al-Gazzali en defensa de la filosofía y una panorámica de su recepción en la Francia medieval.Aporta también una entrevista con el autor acerca del filósofo cordobés y su papel en la recuperación del racionalismo griego en Europa. Cierran el volumen dos Apéndices: una antología de textos y una selección de monografías recomendadas. Su principal novedad consiste en subrayar la innovación del pensamiento de Averroes dentro del mundo medieval, en ruptura con la tradicional visión a través de la Escolástica que redujo su horizonte intelectual. Los lectores y estudiosos podrán así recuperar el auténtico rostro del filósofo hispano que más ha influido en la historia del pensamiento.

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Heresy and Epithet: An Approach to the Problem of Latin Averroism, II, 1954
By: Stuart Mac Clintock
Title Heresy and Epithet: An Approach to the Problem of Latin Averroism, II
Type Article
Language English
Date 1954
Journal The Review of Metaphysics
Volume 8
Issue 2
Pages 342-356
Categories Averroism, Latin Averroism, Aristotle, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Stuart Mac Clintock
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Humanism and the Assessment of Averroes in the Renaissance, 2013
By: Craig Martin
Title Humanism and the Assessment of Averroes in the Renaissance
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2013
Published in Renaissance Averroism and Its Aftermath: Arabic Philosophy in Early Modern Europe
Pages 65–80
Categories Averroism, Aristotle, Commentary, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Craig Martin
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Despite Renaissance humanists’ polemics against Averroes, interest in his writings grew during the sixteenth century. This interest was related to humanism. As Aristotelians became increasingly aware of the Greek commentators on Aristotle, many saw Averroes as an heir to the ancient tradition. Thus they believed that by reading his works they could gain access to a purer form of Aristotelianism. As a result, a number of scholars wrote commentaries on Averroes’s natural philosophical works, and the Commentator became a subject for both philosophical and philological commentary.

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Jean De La Rochelle et les débuts de l'Averroïsme Latin, 1948
By: D.H. Salman
Title Jean De La Rochelle et les débuts de l'Averroïsme Latin
Type Article
Language French
Date 1948
Journal Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age
Volume 16
Issue 1947-1948
Pages 133-144
Categories Averroism, Latin Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) D.H. Salman
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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La tradition hébraïque du Tahâfut al-Tahâfut d'Averroès. Status quaestionis et perspectives de recherche, 2023
By: Silvia Di Donato
Title La tradition hébraïque du Tahâfut al-Tahâfut d'Averroès. Status quaestionis et perspectives de recherche
Type Article
Language French
Date 2023
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Silvia Di Donato
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Los rostros des comentador. Averroísmo y anti-averroísmo en Francia durante el siglo XIII, 2014
By: Andrés Martínez Lorca
Title Los rostros des comentador. Averroísmo y anti-averroísmo en Francia durante el siglo XIII
Type Book Section
Language Spanish
Date 2014
Published in Encrucijada de culturas. Alfonso X y su tiempo. Homenaje a Francisco Márquez Villanueva
Pages 627–660
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Andrés Martínez Lorca
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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L’averroismo in età moderna (1400-1700), 2013
By: Giovanni Licata (Ed.)
Title L’averroismo in età moderna (1400-1700)
Type Edited Book
Language Italian
Date 2013
Publication Place Macerata
Publisher Quodlibet
Categories Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Agostino Nifo, Spinoza
Author(s) Giovanni Licata
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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